Methods and systems for combining securities and carbon credits

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods are provided for reducing or neutralizing a carbon footprint of a security using carbon credit. A carbon footprint of at least one security may be calculated. A first amount of carbon credit necessary to neutralize the carbon footprint of the at least one security may be determined. A second amount of carbon credit may be acquired. A financial instrument having an at least partially neutralized carbon footprint may be generated by causing the at least one security and the second amount of carbon credit to be combined, e.g., in a trust.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/620,811 filed Sep. 15, 2012 which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/581,125 filed Oct. 17, 2009 (now U.S. Pat. No.8,732,058 issued on May 20, 2014), which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/675,294 filed Feb. 15, 2007 (now U.S.Pat. No. 7,636,681 issued on Dec. 22, 2009), which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/882,094 filed on Dec. 27, 2006,the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in theirentireties.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates a system according to at least one embodiment of thesystems disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following sections I-X provide a guide to interpreting the presentapplication.

 Terms

The term “product” means any machine, manufacture and/or composition ofmatter, unless expressly specified otherwise.

The term “process” means any process, algorithm, method or the like,unless expressly specified otherwise.

Each process (whether called a method, algorithm or otherwise)inherently includes one or more steps, and therefore all references to a“step” or “steps” of a process have an inherent antecedent basis in themere recitation of the term ‘process’ or a like term. Accordingly, anyreference in a claim to a ‘step’ or ‘steps’ of a process has sufficientantecedent basis.

The term “invention” and the like mean “the one or more inventionsdisclosed in this application”, unless expressly specified otherwise.

The terms “an embodiment”, “embodiment”, “embodiments”, “theembodiment”, “the embodiments”, “one or more embodiments”, “someembodiments”, “certain embodiments”, “one embodiment”, “anotherembodiment” and the like mean “one or more (but not all) embodiments ofthe disclosed invention(s)”, unless expressly specified otherwise.

The term “variation” of an invention means an embodiment of theinvention, unless expressly specified otherwise.

A reference to “another embodiment” in describing an embodiment does notimply that the referenced embodiment is mutually exclusive with anotherembodiment (e.g., an embodiment described before the referencedembodiment), unless expressly specified otherwise.

The terms “including”, “comprising” and variations thereof mean“including but not limited to”, unless expressly specified otherwise.

The terms “a”, “an” and “the” mean “one or more”, unless expresslyspecified otherwise.

The term “plurality” means “two or more”, unless expressly specifiedotherwise.

The term “herein” means “in the present application, including anythingwhich may be incorporated by reference”, unless expressly specifiedotherwise.

The phrase “at least one of”, when such phrase modifies a plurality ofthings (such as an enumerated list of things) means any combination ofone or more of those things, unless expressly specified otherwise. Forexample, the phrase “at least one of a widget, a car and a wheel” meanseither (i) a widget, (ii) a car, (iii) a wheel, (iv) a widget and a car,(v) a widget and a wheel, (vi) a car and a wheel, or (vii) a widget, acar and a wheel. The phrase “at least one of”, when such phrase modifiesa plurality of things does not mean “one of each of” the plurality ofthings.

Numerical terms such as “one”, “two”, etc. when used as cardinal numbersto indicate quantity of something (e.g., one widget, two widgets), meanthe quantity indicated by that numerical term, but do not mean at leastthe quantity indicated by that numerical term. For example, the phrase“one widget” does not mean “at least one widget”, and therefore thephrase “one widget” does not cover, e.g., two widgets.

The phrase “based on” does not mean “based only on”, unless expresslyspecified otherwise. In other words, the phrase “based on” describesboth “based only on” and “based at least on”. The phrase “based at leaston” is equivalent to the phrase “based at least in part on”.

The term “represent” and like terms are not exclusive, unless expresslyspecified otherwise. For example, the term “represents” do not mean“represents only”, unless expressly specified otherwise. In other words,the phrase “the data represents a credit card number” describes both“the data represents only a credit card number” and “the data representsa credit card number and the data also represents something else”.

The term “whereby” is used herein only to precede a clause or other setof words that express only the intended result, objective or consequenceof something that is previously and explicitly recited. Thus, when theterm “whereby” is used in a claim, the clause or other words that theterm “whereby” modifies do not establish specific further limitations ofthe claim or otherwise restricts the meaning or scope of the claim.

The term “e.g.” and like terms mean “for example”, and thus does notlimit the term or phrase it explains. For example, in the sentence “thecomputer sends data (e.g., instructions, a data structure) over theInternet”, the term “e.g.” explains that “instructions” are an exampleof “data” that the computer may send over the Internet, and alsoexplains that “a data structure” is an example of “data” that thecomputer may send over the Internet. However, both “instructions” and “adata structure” are merely examples of “data”, and other things besides“instructions” and “a data structure” can be “data”.

The term “respective” and like terms mean “taken individually”. Thus iftwo or more things have “respective” characteristics, then each suchthing has its own characteristic, and these characteristics can bedifferent from each other but need not be. For example, the phrase “eachof two machines has a respective function” means that the first suchmachine has a function and the second such machine has a function aswell. The function of the first machine may or may not be the same asthe function of the second machine.

The term “i.e.” and like terms mean “that is”, and thus limits the termor phrase it explains. For example, in the sentence “the computer sendsdata (i.e., instructions) over the Internet”, the term “i.e.” explainsthat “instructions” are the “data” that the computer sends over theInternet.

Any given numerical range shall include whole and fractions of numberswithin the range. For example, the range “1 to 10” shall be interpretedto specifically include whole numbers between 1 and 10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3,4, . . . 9) and non-whole numbers (e.g., 1.1, 1.2, . . . 1.9).

Where two or more terms or phrases are synonymous (e.g., because of anexplicit statement that the terms or phrases are synonymous), instancesof one such term/phrase does not mean instances of another suchterm/phrase must have a different meaning. For example, where astatement renders the meaning of “including” to be synonymous with“including but not limited to”, the mere usage of the phrase “includingbut not limited to” does not mean that the term “including” meanssomething other than “including but not limited to”.

 II. Determining

The term “determining” and grammatical variants thereof (e.g., todetermine a price, determining a value, determine an object which meetsa certain criterion) is used in an extremely broad sense. The term“determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and therefore“determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving,investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database oranother data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining”can include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g.,accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” caninclude resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, and the like.

The term “determining” does not imply certainty or absolute precision,and therefore “determining” can include estimating, extrapolating,predicting, guessing and the like.

The term “determining” does not imply that mathematical processing mustbe performed, and does not imply that numerical methods must be used,and does not imply that an algorithm or process is used.

The term “determining” does not imply that any particular device must beused. For example, a computer need not necessarily perform thedetermining.

 III. Forms of Sentences

Where a limitation of a first claim would cover one of a feature as wellas more than one of a feature (e.g., a limitation such as “at least onewidget” covers one widget as well as more than one widget), and where ina second claim that depends on the first claim, the second claim uses adefinite article “the” to refer to the limitation (e.g., “the widget”),this does not imply that the first claim covers only one of the feature,and this does not imply that the second claim covers only one of thefeature (e.g., “the widget” can cover both one widget and more than onewidget).

When an ordinal number (such as “first”, “second”, “third” and so on) isused as an adjective before a term, that ordinal number is used (unlessexpressly specified otherwise) merely to indicate a particular feature,such as to distinguish that particular feature from another feature thatis described by the same term or by a similar term. For example, a“first widget” may be so named merely to distinguish it from, e.g., a“second widget”. Thus, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and“second” before the term “widget” does not indicate any otherrelationship between the two widgets, and likewise does not indicate anyother characteristics of either or both widgets. For example, the mereusage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term“widget” (1) does not indicate that either widget comes before or afterany other in order or location; (2) does not indicate that either widgetoccurs or acts before or after any other in time; and (3) does notindicate that either widget ranks above or below any other, as inimportance or quality. In addition, the mere usage of ordinal numbersdoes not define a numerical limit to the features identified with theordinal numbers. For example, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers“first” and “second” before the term “widget” does not indicate thatthere must be no more than two widgets.

When a single device, article or other product is described herein, morethan one device/article (whether or not they cooperate) mayalternatively be used in place of the single device/article that isdescribed. Accordingly, the functionality that is described as beingpossessed by a device may alternatively be possessed by more than onedevice/article (whether or not they cooperate).

Similarly, where more than one device, article or other product isdescribed herein (whether or not they cooperate), a singledevice/article may alternatively be used in place of the more than onedevice or article that is described. For example, a plurality ofcomputer-based devices may be substituted with a single computer-baseddevice. Accordingly, the various functionality that is described asbeing possessed by more than one device or article may alternatively bepossessed by a single device/article.

The functionality and/or the features of a single device that isdescribed may be alternatively embodied by one or more other deviceswhich are described but are not explicitly described as having suchfunctionality/features. Thus, other embodiments need not include thedescribed device itself, but rather can include the one or more otherdevices which would, in those other embodiments, have suchfunctionality/features.

 IV. Disclosed Examples and Terminology are Not Limiting

Neither the Title (set forth at the beginning of the first page of thepresent application) nor the Abstract (set forth at the end of thepresent application) is to be taken as limiting in any way as the scopeof the disclosed invention(s). An Abstract has been included in thisapplication merely because an Abstract of not more than 150 words isrequired under 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b).

The title of the present application and headings of sections providedin the present application are for convenience only, and are not to betaken as limiting the disclosure in any way.

Numerous embodiments are described in the present application, and arepresented for illustrative purposes only. The described embodiments arenot, and are not intended to be, limiting in any sense. The presentlydisclosed invention(s) are widely applicable to numerous embodiments, asis readily apparent from the disclosure. One of ordinary skill in theart will recognize that the disclosed invention(s) may be practiced withvarious modifications and alterations, such as structural, logical,software, and electrical modifications. Although particular features ofthe disclosed invention(s) may be described with reference to one ormore particular embodiments and/or drawings, it should be understoodthat such features are not limited to usage in the one or moreparticular embodiments or drawings with reference to which they aredescribed, unless expressly specified otherwise.

No embodiment of method steps or product elements described in thepresent application constitutes the invention claimed herein, or isessential to the invention claimed herein, or is coextensive with theinvention claimed herein, except where it is either expressly stated tobe so in this specification or expressly recited in a claim.

All words in every claim have the broadest scope of meaning they wouldhave been given by a person of ordinary skill in the art as of thepriority date. No term used in any claim is specially defined or limitedby this application except where expressly so stated either in thisspecification or in a claim.

The preambles of the claims that follow recite purposes, benefits andpossible uses of the claimed invention only and do not limit the claimedinvention.

The present disclosure is not a literal description of all embodimentsof the invention(s). Also, the present disclosure is not a listing offeatures of the invention(s) which must be present in all embodiments.

Devices that are described as in communication with each other need notbe in continuous communication with each other, unless expresslyspecified otherwise. On the contrary, such devices need only transmit toeach other as necessary or desirable, and may actually refrain fromexchanging data most of the time. For example, a machine incommunication with another machine via the Internet may not transmitdata to the other machine for long period of time (e.g. weeks at atime). In addition, devices that are in communication with each othermay communicate directly or indirectly through one or moreintermediaries.

A description of an embodiment with several components or features doesnot imply that all or even any of such components/features are required.On the contrary, a variety of optional components are described toillustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments of the presentinvention(s). Unless otherwise specified explicitly, nocomponent/feature is essential or required.

Although process steps, algorithms or the like may be described orclaimed in a particular sequential order, such processes may beconfigured to work in different orders. In other words, any sequence ororder of steps that may be explicitly described or claimed does notnecessarily indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in thatorder. The steps of processes described herein may be performed in anyorder possible. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneouslydespite being described or implied as occurring non-simultaneously(e.g., because one step is described after the other step). Moreover,the illustration of a process by its depiction in a drawing does notimply that the illustrated process is exclusive of other variations andmodifications thereto, does not imply that the illustrated process orany of its steps are necessary to the invention(s), and does not implythat the illustrated process is preferred.

Although a process may be described as including a plurality of steps,that does not imply that all or any of the steps are preferred,essential or required. Various other embodiments within the scope of thedescribed invention(s) include other processes that omit some or all ofthe described steps. Unless otherwise specified explicitly, no step isessential or required.

Although a process may be described singly or without reference to otherproducts or methods, in an embodiment the process may interact withother products or methods. For example, such interaction may includelinking one business model to another business model. Such interactionmay be provided to enhance the flexibility or desirability of theprocess.

Although a product may be described as including a plurality ofcomponents, aspects, qualities, characteristics and/or features, thatdoes not indicate that any or all of the plurality are preferred,essential or required. Various other embodiments within the scope of thedescribed invention(s) include other products that omit some or all ofthe described plurality.

An enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does notimply that any or all of the items are mutually exclusive, unlessexpressly specified otherwise. Likewise, an enumerated list of items(which may or may not be numbered) does not imply that any or all of theitems are comprehensive of any category, unless expressly specifiedotherwise. For example, the enumerated list “a computer, a laptop, aPDA” does not imply that any or all of the three items of that list aremutually exclusive and does not imply that any or all of the three itemsof that list are comprehensive of any category.

An enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does notimply that any or all of the items are equivalent to each other orreadily substituted for each other.

All embodiments are illustrative, and do not imply that the invention orany embodiments were made or performed, as the case may be.

 V. Computing

It will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that thevarious processes described herein may be implemented by, e.g.,appropriately programmed general purpose computers, special purposecomputers and computing devices. Typically a processor (e.g., one ormore microprocessors, one or more microcontrollers, one or more digitalsignal processors) will receive instructions (e.g., from a memory orlike device), and execute those instructions, thereby performing one ormore processes defined by those instructions. Instructions may beembodied in, e.g., a computer program.

A “processor” means one or more microprocessors, central processingunits (CPUs), computing devices, microcontrollers, digital signalprocessors, or like devices or any combination thereof.

Thus a description of a process is likewise a description of anapparatus for performing the process. The apparatus that performs theprocess can include, e.g., a processor and those input devices andoutput devices that are appropriate to perform the process.

Further, programs that implement such methods (as well as other types ofdata) may be stored and transmitted using a variety of media (e.g.,computer readable media) in a number of manners. In some embodiments,hard-wired circuitry or custom hardware may be used in place of, or incombination with, some or all of the software instructions that canimplement the processes of various embodiments. Thus, variouscombinations of hardware and software may be used instead of softwareonly.

The term “computer-readable medium” refers to any medium, a plurality ofthe same, or a combination of different media, that participate inproviding data (e.g., instructions, data structures) which may be readby a computer, a processor or a like device. Such a medium may take manyforms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media,and transmission media. Non-volatile media include, for example, opticalor magnetic disks and other persistent memory. Volatile media includedynamic random access memory (DRAM), which typically constitutes themain memory. Transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wire andfiber optics, including the wires that comprise a system bus coupled tothe processor. Transmission media may include or convey acoustic waves,light waves and electromagnetic emissions, such as those generatedduring radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications.Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppydisk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magneticmedium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, papertape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM,an EPROM, a FLASH-EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrierwave as described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computercan read.

Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carryingdata (e.g. sequences of instructions) to a processor. For example, datamay be (i) delivered from RAM to a processor; (ii) carried over awireless transmission medium; (iii) formatted and/or transmittedaccording to numerous formats, standards or protocols, such as Ethernet(or IEEE 802.3), SAP, ATP, Bluetooth™, and TCP/IP, TDMA, CDMA, and 3G;and/or (iv) encrypted to ensure privacy or prevent fraud in any of avariety of ways well known in the art.

Thus a description of a process is likewise a description of acomputer-readable medium storing a program for performing the process.The computer-readable medium can store (in any appropriate format) thoseprogram elements which are appropriate to perform the method.

Just as the description of various steps in a process does not indicatethat all the described steps are required, embodiments of an apparatusinclude a computer/computing device operable to perform some (but notnecessarily all) of the described process.

Likewise, just as the description of various steps in a process does notindicate that all the described steps are required, embodiments of acomputer-readable medium storing a program or data structure include acomputer-readable medium storing a program that, when executed, cancause a processor to perform some (but not necessarily all) of thedescribed process.

Where databases are described, it will be understood by one of ordinaryskill in the art that (i) alternative database structures to thosedescribed may be readily employed, and (ii) other memory structuresbesides databases may be readily employed. Any illustrations ordescriptions of any sample databases presented herein are illustrativearrangements for stored representations of information. Any number ofother arrangements may be employed besides those suggested by, e.g.,tables illustrated in drawings or elsewhere. Similarly, any illustratedentries of the databases represent exemplary information only; one ofordinary skill in the art will understand that the number and content ofthe entries can be different from those described herein. Further,despite any depiction of the databases as tables, other formats(including relational databases, object-based models and/or distributeddatabases) could be used to store and manipulate the data typesdescribed herein. Likewise, object methods or behaviors of a databasecan be used to implement various processes, such as the describedherein. In addition, the databases may, in a known manner, be storedlocally or remotely from a device which accesses data in such adatabase.

Various embodiments can be configured to work in a network environmentincluding a computer that is in communication (e.g., via acommunications network) with one or more devices. The computer maycommunicate with the devices directly or indirectly, via any wired orwireless medium (e.g. the Internet, LAN, WAN or Ethernet, Token Ring, atelephone line, a cable line, a radio channel, an optical communicationsline, commercial on-line service providers, bulletin board systems, asatellite communications link, a combination of any of the above). Eachof the devices may themselves comprise computers or other computingdevices, such as those based on the Intel® Pentium® or Centrino™processor, that are adapted to communicate with the computer. Any numberand type of devices may be in communication with the computer.

In an embodiment, a server computer or centralized authority may not benecessary or desirable. For example, the present invention may, in anembodiment, be practiced on one or more devices without a centralauthority. In such an embodiment, any functions described herein asperformed by the server computer or data described as stored on theserver computer may instead be performed by or stored on one or moresuch devices.

Where a process is described, in an embodiment the process may operatewithout any user intervention. In another embodiment, the processincludes some human intervention (e.g., a step is performed by or withthe assistance of a human).

 VI. Continuing Applications

The present disclosure provides, to one of ordinary skill in the art, anenabling description of several embodiments and/or inventions. Some ofthese embodiments and/or inventions may not be claimed in the presentapplication, but may nevertheless be claimed in one or more continuingapplications that claim the benefit of priority of the presentapplication.

Applicants intend to file additional applications to pursue patents forsubject matter that has been disclosed and enabled but not claimed inthe present application.

 VII. 35 U.S.C. §112, paragraph 6

In a claim, a limitation of the claim which includes the phrase “meansfor” or the phrase “step for” means that 35 U.S.C. §112, paragraph 6,applies to that limitation.

In a claim, a limitation of the claim which does not include the phrase“means for” or the phrase “step for” means that 35 U.S.C. §112,paragraph 6 does not apply to that limitation, regardless of whetherthat limitation recites a function without recitation of structure,material or acts for performing that function. For example, in a claim,the mere use of the phrase “step of” or the phrase “steps of” inreferring to one or more steps of the claim or of another claim does notmean that 35 U.S.C. §112, paragraph 6, applies to that step(s).

With respect to a means or a step for performing a specified function inaccordance with 35 U.S.C. §112, paragraph 6, the correspondingstructure, material or acts described in the specification, andequivalents thereof, may perform additional functions as well as thespecified function.

Computers, processors, computing devices and like products arestructures that can perform a wide variety of functions. Such productscan be operable to perform a specified function by executing one or moreprograms, such as a program stored in a memory device of that product orin a memory device which that product accesses. Unless expresslyspecified otherwise, such a program need not be based on any particularalgorithm, such as any particular algorithm that might be disclosed inthe present application. It is well known to one of ordinary skill inthe art that a specified function may be implemented via differentalgorithms, and any of a number of different algorithms would be a meredesign choice for carrying out the specified function.

Therefore, with respect to a means or a step for performing a specifiedfunction in accordance with 35 U.S.C. §112, paragraph 6, structurecorresponding to a specified function includes any product programmed toperform the specified function. Such structure includes programmedproducts which perform the function, regardless of whether such productis programmed with (i) a disclosed algorithm for performing thefunction, (ii) an algorithm that is similar to a disclosed algorithm, or(iii) a different algorithm for performing the function.

Where there is recited a means for performing a function hat is amethod, one structure for performing this method includes a computingdevice (e.g., a general purpose computer) that is programmed and/orconfigured with appropriate hardware to perform that function.

Also includes a computing device (e.g., a general purpose computer) thatis programmed and/or configured with appropriate hardware to performthat function via other algorithms as would be understood by one ofordinary skill in the art.

 VIII. Disclaimer

Numerous references to a particular embodiment does not indicate adisclaimer or disavowal of additional, different embodiments, andsimilarly references to the description of embodiments which all includea particular feature does not indicate a disclaimer or disavowal ofembodiments which do not include that particular feature. A cleardisclaimer or disavowal in the present application shall be prefaced bythe phrase “does not include” or by the phrase “cannot perform”.

 IX. Incorporation by Reference

Any patent, patent application or other document referred to herein isincorporated by reference into this patent application as part of thepresent disclosure, but only for purposes of written description inaccordance with 35 U.S.C. §112, paragraph 1 and enablement in accordancewith 35 U.S.C. §112, paragraph 1, and should in no way be used to limit,define, or otherwise construe any term of the present application wherethe present application, without such incorporation by reference, wouldnot have failed to provide an ascertainable meaning, but rather wouldhave allowed an ascertainable meaning for such term to be provided.Thus, the person of ordinary skill in the art need not have been in anyway limited by any embodiments provided in the reference.

Any incorporation by reference does not, in and of itself, imply anyendorsement of, ratification of or acquiescence in any statements,opinions, arguments or characterizations contained in any incorporatedpatent, patent application or other document, unless explicitlyspecified otherwise in this patent application.

 X. Prosecution History

In interpreting the present application (which includes the claims), oneof ordinary skill in the art shall refer to the prosecution history ofthe present application, but not to the prosecution history of any otherpatent or patent application, regardless of whether there are otherpatent applications that are considered related to the presentapplication, and regardless of whether there are other patentapplications that share a claim of priority with the presentapplication.

 XI. Overview of Various Embodiments

The present application generally provides systems and methods forgenerating socially responsible investment trusts that comprise ofneutralized securities. Socially responsible investments (“SRIs”) arefinancial instruments that strive to maximize both financial return andsocial good. Typically, SRIs favor corporate practices that exerciseenvironmental responsibility, support workplace diversity and increaseproduct safety.

In general, socially responsible investors select investment securitiesbased on four basic investment strategies, which may include: screening,divesting, shareholder activism, and community investment. A socialinvestor may be any number of entities, including an individual or aninstitution. Some examples of a social investor may include: acorporation, a university, a hospital, a foundation, an insurancecompany, a pension fund, a nonprofit organization, a church or asynagogue. Any investor may be a socially responsible investor.

Before a socially responsible investor invests in a particular security,a screening process is conducted to determine whether the particularsecurity qualifies as a SRI. During the screening process, the investormay apply a “filter” comprising various criteria, thresholds and tests(e.g., amount of carbon emissions) to the particular security ofinterest. Securities that pass the screening process are referred to,henceforth, as “qualifying securities”, whereas the securities that failthe screening process are referred to, henceforth, as “non-qualifyingsecurities”. For example, certain SRIs may consider shares of ExxonMobilto be non-qualifying securities due to the fact that the companyreleases harmful carbon emissions into the environment.

Furthermore, a socially responsible investor may “divest,” or remove,previously qualified securities from its portfolio, in the event thatthese previously qualified securities not longer meet the requirementsfor the fund.

Thus, one of the main challenges of socially responsible investing restsin the fact that a large number of financially lucrative securities areexcluded from the investment pool due to a failure to meet one or morecriteria. Thus, the present application has identified a way to improvethe SRI selection process: a process that rehabilitates a non-qualifyingsecurity into a qualifying security. The process generates a sociallyresponsible investment trust (“SRI trust”) to hold these rehabilitatedsecurities. Socially responsible investors then may purchase shares ofthe SRI trust for their investment portfolios.

The description below uses an example from an environmental industry toillustrate the application's teachings, but the application is notlimited to this particular subject matter; the system may be used torehabilitate non-qualifying securities from any number of industriesthat might be screened by a SRI. Some other examples of these industriesmay include alcohol, tobacco, gambling, defense/weapons, animal testing,products/services, human rights, labor relations and employment/equalityissues.

Furthermore, although the present application uses the term “carbonemissions” in its various embodiments, the term “carbon” is understoodto describe a variety of greenhouse gases, although not all of them arecarbon-based. Some examples of these greenhouse gases include: carbondioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases, such ashydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride.

The present application's teachings are applicable to a wide range ofcomputer systems. However, it will be assumed, for the sake ofconcreteness, that the present application is being implemented in asystem of the type depicted in FIG. 1.

A. System Hardware

Referring to FIG. 1, a system 100, according to at least one embodimentof the systems disclosed herein, includes at least one computing device,such as a remote computer 102, e.g., a server computer, a clientcomputer 104, or a combination thereof. The term remote in this contextmerely means that the remote computer 102 and at least one of the clientcomputers 104 are separate devices. Thus, the devices may be remote evenif they are located within the same room. In at least one embodiment,the system includes at least one remote computer 102 that is connectedover a communication network 106 to one or a plurality of clientcomputers 104. One or more of the client computers 104 may be connectedto the remote computer 102 through a firewall. In another embodiment, atleast one remote computer 102 is connected over a communication network106 to at least one other remote computer 108.

The system 100 may be implemented over any type of communicationsnetwork 106, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network(WAN), the Internet, a telephone network (POTS), a wireless network,including cellular, WiFi, and WiMax networks, or a combination of wiredand/or wireless networks. In certain instances, the communicationsnetwork 106 may be independent of the Internet or limited with respectto the type of the information transmitted over the Internet, such as toinformation that poses little or no security risk if misappropriated orthat has been encrypted.

In the networked embodiment, client computers 104 are preferablyconfigured or otherwise capable of transmitting and/or receivingcommunications to and/or from the remote computer(s) 102, 108. Theremote computers 102, 108 may similarly be configured or otherwisecapable of transmitting and/or receiving communications betweenthemselves. This may be accomplished with a communication element, suchas a modem, an Ethernet interface, a transmitter/receiver, etc., thatenables communication with a similarly equipped remote computer 102,108wirelessly, wired, or a combination thereof. It is understood that therelative functionality described herein may be provided by the remotecomputers 102, 108, by the client computers 104, or both, and is thusnot limited to any particular one of the implementations discussedherein. In at least one embodiment, the client computers 104 willgenerally provide the front-end functionality and the remote computer102, 108 will provide the back-end functionality.

Although various embodiments may be described herein in relation tosocially responsible investment trusts as a form of financialinstrument, it is understood that the methods and systems disclosedherein are equally applicable to other types of financial instruments aswell as non-financial instrument assets, such as commodities, money (inone or more currencies), goods, etc., and is thus not limited thereto.The term “financial instrument” denotes any instrument, issued by acorporation, government, or any other entity, that evinces dept orequity, and any derivative thereof, including equities, stocks, fixedincome instruments, bonds, debentures, certificates of interest ordeposit, warrants, options, futures, forwards, swaps, or generally anysecurity.

The computing device, e.g., the client computers 104 and/or the remotecomputer 102, 108 generally include at least one processor, and amemory, such as ROM, RAM, FLASH, etc., including computer readablemedium type memory, such as a hard drive, a flash-drive, an optical ormagnetic disk, etc. The memory or computer readable medium preferablyincludes software stored thereon that when executed performs one or moresteps of the methods disclosed herein, including communicating data andcommands back and forth between the computers, displaying interfacescreens, etc. The computers may also be associated with or have accessto one or more databases 110, 112 for retrieving and/or storing thevarious types of data discussed herein, including identity verificationdata, such as an ID and password, biometric data, etc.

The client computers 104 may include, without limitation, a mobilephone, PDA, pocket PC, personal computer, as well as any special orother general purpose computing device. As such, the client computer 104preferably includes a processor, a memory, a display, such as a CRT oran LCD monitor, for displaying information and/or graphics associatedwith the functionality provided by the system 100, and at least oneinput device, such as a mouse, a touch-sensitive pad, a pointer, astylus, a trackball, a button or a plurality of buttons, e.g.,alphanumeric, a scroll wheel, a touch-sensitive monitor, etc., or acombination thereof, for users to enter commands and/or informationrelevant to the system's functionality. With the general purpose type ofclient computer 104, such as the PC or PDA, users may access thefunctionality provided by the system 100 with a browser application orany other generic application, or with special purpose software designedspecifically for accessing the functionality disclosed herein.

In at least one embodiment, the client computer 104 includes or isotherwise associated with at least one biometric sensor 114. Thebiometric sensor 114 is any device that is used to determine directlyfrom the user at least one item of biometric data associated with auser, such as a fingerprint reader, an iris scanner, a retinal scanner,a vascular pattern reader, a facial recognition camera, etc. Thebiometric sensor 114 may be embodied in hardware, software, or acombination thereof. The biometric sensor 114 may further shareresources with other components of the client computer 104, such as theprocessor, memory, a camera, a microphone, a speaker, etc. A singlebiometric sensor 114 may be used for reading more than one type ofbiometric data. For example, a digital camera may be used to obtain animage of the user's eye for iris scanning and an image of the user'sface for facial recognition. In this instance, a single image capture ofthe user's face may provide the data for facial recognition as well asdata for iris or retinal comparisons.

The biometric data is generally obtained with the biometric sensor 114and used at least to authenticate the identity of the user as a gatewayfor allowing the user to access the system's functionality. In thisregard, biometric data may be compared with previously obtained/storedbiometric data that has preferably been verified as being associatedwith a particular user and access to the system's functionality may beprovided based on a positive match thereof.

B. Methods and Systems

According to at least one embodiment of the methods disclosed herein,the method begins with the system 100 receiving login information. Thelogin information may be any information for use in authenticating auser and providing thereto one or more of the functions disclosedherein. The login information may be, for example, a user ID, password,biometric data, etc. The login information may be submitted by a userwith a user interface screen that includes therein at least one formelement, such as an input field or text box, a drop down list, checkbox, radio buttons, action buttons, clickable images, etc., for enteringlogin data. Following submission, the login information may be comparedwith previously obtained information and access to one or more of thefunctions may be provided based on a positive match.

In at least one embodiment, the system 100 identifies one or morenon-qualifying securities. In order to identify these non-qualifyingsecurities, the system 100 initially selects one or more SRI funds ofinterest, i.e. SRI funds that the system 100 has identified as a desiredclient. These SRI funds may have been selected based on any number offactors, such as the size of the fund, the amount of money managed bythe fund, the type of social cause supported by the SRI fund, etc.

After selecting a SRI fund of interest, the system 100 obtains thefilter used by the selected SRI fund in order to determine whichsecurities currently fall outside the investment pool. As describedabove, a filter comprises various criteria, thresholds and tests forscreening a particular security. The system may obtain the filter fromthe SRI in any number of methods. In one embodiment, the filter ispublicly known or published. In other embodiments, the system requeststhat a SRI fund of interest provide its filters. After acquiring thefilter, the system 100 then analyzes the filter to identify thesecurities (and companies) that are excluded by the filter. Based onthis information, the system 100 identifies the securities to berehabilitated. These securities are referred to, henceforth, as“targeted securities.” For example, the system 100 may identify aparticular SRI fund, say Fund A, as a fund in which the system 100 wouldwish to have as a client. Fund A may have been selected for its highvolume of activities, large budget, and/or specialization inenvironmental issues. The system 100 then obtains the filter used byFund A, and based on this filter, determines that Fund A currently doesnot invest in the following industries: oil & gas, chemical &petrochemical manufacturing, and transportation. The system 100 thenidentifies the top players in each of these industries and seeks toneutralize the securities for these top industry players.

In some embodiments, the system 100 does not use a filter to determinethe targeted securities. For instance, the system 100 may simply contacta SRI fund of interest and requests that the SRI fund provide a list ofnon-qualifying securities that it desires to rehabilitate.

In another embodiment, the SRI fund sua sponte submits a list oftargeted securities to the system 100. In such instances, the system 100provides a service of rehabilitating non-qualifying securities for SRIfunds. For example, a SRI fund may desire to invest in a certaincompany, but that company falls outside the investment parameters asdefined by the filter.

In another embodiment, the holders of non-qualifying securities maycontact the system 100, and request that the system 100 rehabilitate thenon-qualifying securities so that they may qualify for investment in aSRI fund. The holder of the non-qualifying securities also may sell thesecurities to the system 100, which in return rehabilitates thesecurities and repackages the rehabilitated security in a SRI trust.Shares of the SRI trust comprising of rehabilitated securities are thensold to various SRI funds.

After the system 100 has identified the non-qualifying securities ofinterest, the system then seeks to rehabilitate these non-qualifyingsecurities. In one embodiment, the process of rehabilitating anon-qualifying security involves 1) calculating the carbon footprint ofthe non-qualifying security and 2) purchasing enough carbon credit toneutralize the calculated carbon footprint.

Generally, a carbon footprint represents the estimated emission ofcarbon dioxide (CO₂) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) associated withactivities conducted by an organization, enterprise or corporation aspart of their everyday operations. A carbon footprint is commonlyexpressed as “C0₂ equivalents” or CO₂e units. For example, a carbonfootprint may be expressed as tons of carbon dioxide, or tons of carbon,emitted per year. Currently, there are many versions of carboncalculators available for carbon footprinting. Some examples ofthird-party providers that specialize in calculating carbon footprintsinclude Environmental Resources Trust, Inc., Blue Source, LLC, andvarious others.

On the other hand, a carbon credit (measured in units of tones of C02)represents the act of reducing or avoiding GHG emissions in one place,in order to offset GHG emissions occurring somewhere else. GHGsgenerally mix well in the atmosphere and can travel around the planetquickly. As a result, it generally does not matter from the standpointof global warming mitigation where a reduction takes place.

There are currently several different types of carbon credits. Forexample, one type of carbon credit is an allowance, which could beissued under the European Trading Scheme, the Kyoto Protocol, or variousU.S. mandates, such as RGGI and AB 32 in California. Another type ofcarbon credit is a Certified Emissions Reduction (CER), which is atradable certificate reflecting the reduction or avoidance of one toneof C02e. CERs are the currency used by the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol for GHG trading between developingcountries (i.e., countries without emissions reduction targets) andindustrialized countries (i.e., countries with emissions reductiontargets).

Still another type of carbon credit is an Emission Reduction Unit (ERU),which is issued to parties participating in Joint Implementation (JI)projects. The JI projects also are conducted in accordance with therules of the Kyoto Protocol. Still another type of carbon credit is aVerified Emission Reduction (VER), which is a reduction that occursoutside of a mandated program. Theses credits are generally created on avoluntary basis and are verified by an independent third party.

Carbon credits typically are generated from specific greenhouse gasreduction projects. As such, various carbon reduction practices createdifferent levels of carbon reductions. As such, each type of GHGs has adifferent global warming potential (GWP) factor, so that, for example,one tonne of methane reduced is equivalent to twenty-three tons of CO₂.Some examples of carbon reduction projects that help generate carboncredits may include: forest sequestration, soil conservation, electricefficiency, fuel switching, animal waste recovery and landfill gascapture. Many other carbon reduction practices also exist, and some ofthese practices are described on the website “Climate Top 50,” availableat www.climatetop50.org, which is herein incorporated by reference.

In one embodiment, the system 100 submits the selected non-qualifyingsecurities to a third-party provider of carbon footprints. Thethird-party provider calculates the carbon footprint for thenon-qualifying security and transmits this information to the system100. The system 100 then purchases the corresponding amount of carboncredits from another third-party source.

In another embodiment, the system 100 calculates the carbon footprintfor the selected non-qualifying securities using various methods andformulas. One example of a carbon footprint formula may include: (1)calculating the total units of carbon emission generated by the companyof the non-qualifying securities for the previous month; (2) dividingthe total units of carbon emission by the total number of securitiesowned by the company for that previous month; and (3) multiplying thegenerated carbon footprint per share by the number of non-qualifyingsecurities being sold in order to generate the amount of carbon creditsnecessary to neutralize the non-qualifying securities. It is unnecessaryto obtain carbon credits for all of the carbon emissions generated by acompany, since the system 100 needs only to neutralize the securitiesthat it is purchasing.

There are many other industry standard methods for calculating thecarbon footprint of a security. For example, some of the methods use tocalculate the carbon emissions for Exxon Mobile Corporation arepublished in a publication entitled, “ExxonMobil Corporation EmissionsInventory 1882-2002: Methods & Results,” published on Dec. 17, 2003, byRichard Heede, Climate Mitigation Services, Snowmass, CO., herebyincorporated by reference.

The carbon footprint may be calculated for any number of time periods.In one embodiment, the carbon footprint is calculated on a monthlybasis. In other embodiments, the carbon footprint is calculated on anannual basis. Still other embodiments may calculate the carbon footprinton a daily, weekly, biweekly, or any other incremental period of time.

Furthermore, the carbon footprint may be subject to change. For example,Company A may incorporate a new method (e.g., more environmentallysound) for performing its manufacturing, and as a result, Company Adramatically reduces its overall carbon emissions for that year. As aresult, the carbon footprint calculated will be adjusted to accommodatethese changes, since the new carbon footprint would require a lowernumber of carbon credits in order to neutralize the non-qualifyingsecurities.

As described above, the system 100 may purchase the carbon credits froma third-party carbon credit provider, or from a trading exchange thatsells carbon credits. The process of purchasing a carbon credit containsmany similarities to the purchase of any commodity on the generalmarket. For example, bilateral trades are a common occurrence, as is thepossibility of purchasing the carbon credits on an electronic exchange.

In another embodiment, the system 100 works with various carbonreduction projects in order to generate its own carbon credits.

As described above, the location of a carbon reduction is typicallyirrelevant. However, in some embodiments, it may be desirable to placegeographic constraints on the carbon credits. In these instances, thesystem 100 offers a specialized set of carbon credits, in which thecarbon reduction projects occur within the same geographic location aswhere the carbon emissions are generated.

In other embodiments, the system 100 offers a blended carbon credit, inwhich some of the carbon reduction projects occur within the samegeographic location as the carbon emission, and other carbon reductionproducts take place anywhere in the world.

In one embodiment, the system 100 neutralizes the non-qualifyingsecurities for a fixed time-period, such as one-year. At the end of theyear, an additional fee must be paid in order to maintain the qualifyingsecurity status. In other embodiments, the system 100 neutralizes thesecurities for its entire lifetime in the trust. As long as thesecurities remain in the SRI trust, the system 100 continues to supplythe carbon credits to neutralize the securities.

In some embodiments, the system 100 will publish a memo detailing themethods and formulas used for calculating the carbon footprint and thesource of the carbon credits. This memo is submitted to the shareholdersof the SRI trust. In one embodiment, publication of the memo providestransparency to the system's activities, as well as instilling a senseof legitimacy in the neutralization process.

After the system 100 has obtained the appropriate amount of carboncredits to neutralize the non-qualifying securities, the system 100 thenstores both the carbon credits and non-qualifying securities in a trust.As such, one share or unit of the trust comprises a share of therehabilitated security (i.e., a share of the non-qualifying securitycombined with its corresponding carbon credit).

Socially responsible investors may purchase shares of the SRI trust,which now permits them to invest in companies that were previouslyexcluded by the filters.

In another embodiment, the system 100 only provides a partial carboncredit to the non-qualifying securities. For example, the system 100 mayprovide a percentage (e.g., 50%) of the carbon credit necessary toneutralize the non-qualifying securities. In another embodiment, thesystem 100 provides a carbon credit in excess of that necessary toneutralize the non-qualifying securities.

In some embodiments, the system 100 has the capability to retire carboncredits, or take them off the market in order to reduce the overalllimits to GHG emissions.

FURTHER EMBODIMENTS

The following should be interpreted as embodiments, not claims.

A1. A method that comprises a computer system configured to: select atargeted investment fund from a plurality of investment funds; retrievea filter associated with the targeted investment fund, in which thefilter comprises at least one criteria for evaluating a security;generate a list of at least one targeted security, in which the at leastone targeted security is excluded from the targeted investment fundbased on the at least one criteria of the filter; calculate a carbonfootprint of the targeted security; calculate an amount of carbon creditnecessary to neutralize the carbon footprint; purchase the amount ofcarbon credit necessary to neutralize the carbon footprint; combine thetargeted security with the purchased carbon credit in order to generateda rehabilitated security; and store the rehabilitated security in atrust.

A2. The method of embodiment A1, in which the act of calculating thecarbon footprint comprises: calculating an amount of carbon emissiongenerated for a period of time, in which the carbon emission isgenerated by an entity associated with targeted securities; calculatingan amount of securities owned by the entity during the period of time;calculating an amount of targeted securities; dividing the amount ofcarbon emissions generated by the amount of securities to produce acarbon-to-security ratio; and multiplying the carbon-to-security ratioby the amount of targeted securities to produce the carbon footprint forthe target securities.

A3. The method of embodiment A1, in which the carbon footprintrepresents an emission of greenhouse gases associated with activitiesperformed by conducted by a corporate entity.

A4. The method of embodiment A1, in which the carbon footprint ismeasured in tons of carbon dioxide emitted.

A5. The method of embodiment A1, in which the carbon credit is generatedfrom at least one greenhouse gas project.

A6. The method of embodiment A5, in which the greenhouse gas projectcomprises at least one of the following: forest sequestration, soilconservation, electric efficiency, fuel switching, animal waste recoveryor landfill gas capture.

A7. The method of embodiment A1, in which the carbon credit comprisesone of the following: an allowance, a certified emission reduction(CER), a emission reduction unit (ERU) or a verified emission reduction(VER).

A8. The method of embodiment A1, in which the act of purchasing theamount of carbon credit comprises: purchasing a percentage of the amountcarbon credit necessary to neutralize the carbon footprint.

A9. The method of embodiment A1 further comprising: publishing amemorandum comprising at least one formula used for calculating thecarbon footprint.

A10. The method of embodiment A9 further comprising: distributing thememorandum to at least one shareholder of the trust.

A11. The method of embodiment A9 further comprising: selling a share ofthe trust to the targeted investment fund.

B12. A storage medium containing machine instructions readable by acomputer system that includes a data store to configure the computersystem to: select a targeted investment fund from a plurality ofinvestment funds; retrieve a filter associated with the targetedinvestment fund, in which the filter comprises at least one criteria forevaluating a security; generate a list of at least one targetedsecurity, in which the at least one targeted security is excluded fromthe targeted investment fund based on the at least one criteria of thefilter; calculate a carbon footprint of the targeted security; calculatean amount of carbon credit necessary to neutralize the carbon footprint;purchase the amount of carbon credit necessary to neutralize the carbonfootprint; combine the targeted security with the purchased carboncredit in order to generated a rehabilitated security; and store therehabilitated security in a trust.

B13. The storage medium of embodiment B12, in which the act ofcalculating the carbon footprint comprises: calculating an amount ofcarbon emission generated for a period of time, in which the carbonemission is generated by an entity associated with targeted securities;calculating an amount of securities owned by the entity during theperiod of time; calculating an amount of targeted securities; dividingthe amount of carbon emissions generated by the amount of securities toproduce a carbon-to-security ratio; and multiplying thecarbon-to-security ratio by the amount of targeted securities to producethe carbon footprint for the target securities.

B14. The storage medium of embodiment B12, in which the carbon footprintrepresents an emission of greenhouse gases associated with activitiesperformed by conducted by a corporate entity.

B15. The storage medium of embodiment B12, in which the carbon footprintis measured in tons of carbon dioxide emitted.

B16. The storage medium of embodiment B12, in which the carbon credit isgenerated from at least one greenhouse gas project.

B17. The storage medium of embodiment B15, in which the greenhouse gasproject comprises at least one of the following: forest sequestration,soil conservation, electric efficiency, fuel switching, animal wasterecovery or landfill gas capture.

B18. The storage medium of embodiment B12, in which the carbon creditcomprises one of the following: an allowance, a certified emissionreduction (CER), a emission reduction unit (ERU) or a verified emissionreduction (VER).

B19. The storage medium of embodiment B12, in which the act ofpurchasing the amount of carbon credit comprises: purchasing apercentage of the amount carbon credit necessary to neutralize thecarbon footprint.

B20. The storage medium of embodiment B12 further comprising: publishinga memorandum comprising at least one formula used for calculating thecarbon footprint.

B21. The storage medium of embodiment B20 further configuring computersystem to: distributing the memorandum to at least one shareholder ofthe trust.

B22. The storage medium of embodiment B12 further configuring computersystem to: sell a share of the trust to the targeted investment fund.

C23. A method that comprises a computer system configured to: generate alist of at least one targeted security, in which the at least onetargeted security is excluded from the targeted investment fund;purchase an amount of carbon credit necessary to neutralize a carbonfootprint of the targeted security; combine the targeted security withthe purchased carbon credit in order to generated a rehabilitatedsecurity; and store the rehabilitated security in a trust.

C24. The method of embodiment C23, in which the carbon footprintrepresents an emission of greenhouse gases associated with activitiesperformed by conducted by a corporate entity.

1-28. (canceled)
 29. An apparatus comprising: at least one processor;and at least one memory storing instructions which, when executed by theat least one processor, direct the at least one processor to: determinea first amount of carbon credit for neutralizing a carbon footprint ofat least one financial instrument; and generate a financial instrumentdetermined to have a neutralized carbon footprint, in which the act ofgenerating the financial instrument comprises: based on the act ofdetermining the first amount of carbon credit, causing to be purchased asecond amount of carbon credit; and causing the at least one financialinstrument and the second amount of carbon credit to be stored in atrust.
 30. The apparatus of claim 29, in which the instructions, whenexecuted by the at least one processor, direct the processor to performa method further comprising: before the act of determining an amount ofcarbon credit for neutralizing a carbon footprint of the at least onefinancial instrument, calculate a carbon footprint of the at least onefinancial instrument, in which the act of determining a first amount ofcarbon credit comprises determining a first amount of carbon credit forneutralizing a carbon footprint of at least one financial instrumentbased on the calculated carbon footprint of the at least one financialinstrument.
 31. The apparatus of claim 30, in which the act ofcalculating the carbon footprint comprises determining an estimatedemission of at least one greenhouse gas by an issuer of the financialinstrument, in which the estimated emission of the at least onegreenhouse gas comprises an estimated amount of emission associated withone or more activities conducted by an entity associated with the atleast one financial instrument, and in which the at least one financialinstrument comprises one or more financial instruments excluded by afilter associated with an investment fund.
 32. The apparatus of claim31, in which the instructions, when executed by the at least oneprocessor, further direct the at least one processor to: cause at leastone share of the trust to be sold to the investment fund; after causingthe at least one share of the trust to be sold to the investment fund,cause a third amount of carbon credit to be purchased; and cause thethird amount of carbon credit to be stored in the trust.
 33. Theapparatus of claim 31, in which the instructions, when executed by theat least one processor, further direct the at least one processor to:cause at least one share of the trust to be sold to the investment fund;after causing the at least one share of the trust to be sold to theinvestment fund, receive from the investment fund a fee to maintain aneutralized status of the trust.
 34. The apparatus of claim 31, in whichthe instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, furtherdirect the at least one processor to: cause at least one share of thetrust to be sold to the investment fund; after causing the at least oneshare of the trust to be sold to the investment fund, calculate a secondcarbon footprint of the at least one financial instrument for a secondpredetermined period of time; calculate a third amount of carbon creditnecessary to neutralize, during the second predetermined period of time,the second carbon footprint of the at least one financial instrument forthe second predetermined period of time; cause the third amount ofcarbon credit to be purchased; and cause the third amount of carboncredit to be stored in the trust.
 35. The apparatus of claim 30, inwhich the act of calculating a carbon footprint of the at least onefinancial instrument comprises determining an estimated emission, duringa first predetermined period of time, of at least one greenhouse gasassociated with one or more activities by at least one entity associatedwith the at least one financial instrument, the at least one greenhousegas comprising carbon dioxide; in which the act of calculating a firstamount of carbon credit comprises calculating an amount of carbon creditnecessary to neutralize, during the first predetermined period of time,the carbon footprint of the at least one financial instrument; in whichthe act of causing a second amount of carbon credit to be purchasedcomprises causing to be purchased an amount of carbon credit necessaryto neutralize, during the first predetermined period of time, the carbonfootprint of the at least one financial instrument; and in which the actof generating a financial instrument determined to have an at leastpartially neutralized carbon footprint comprises generating a financialinstrument determined to have, during the first predetermined period oftime, a neutralized carbon footprint.
 36. The apparatus of claim 30, inwhich the act of calculating the carbon footprint comprises: calculatingan amount of carbon emission generated for a first period of time, inwhich the carbon emission is generated by an entity associated with theat least one financial instrument; calculating an amount of securitiesowned by the entity during the period of time; calculating an amount ofthe at least one financial instrument; determining a carbon-to-securityratio based on a quotient of (1) the amount of carbon emission generateddivided by (2) the amount of securities; and determining the carbonfootprint for the at least one financial instrument by multiplying thecarbon-to-security ratio by the amount of the at least one financialinstrument.
 37. The apparatus of claim 29, in which the at least onefinancial instrument comprises at least one of: an equity, stock, fixedincome instrument, debenture, certificate of interest or deposit,warrant, option, future, forward, and swap, and in which the secondamount of carbon credit is greater than the first amount of carboncredit.
 38. The apparatus of claim 29, in which the instructions, whenexecuted by the at least one processor, further direct the at least oneprocessor to: before the act of determining a first amount of carboncredit for neutralizing a carbon footprint of at least one financialinstrument, determine, by at least one processor, that the at least onefinancial instrument is excluded from an investment fund.
 39. Theapparatus of claim 29, in which the instructions, when executed by theat least one processor, further direct the at least one processor to:cause at least a portion of the trust to be sold to an investment fund,in which the investment fund comprises an entity that buys, holds, andsells a plurality of different types of securities, and in which the actof causing the at least one financial instrument and the second amountof carbon credit to be stored in a trust comprises causing the at leastone financial instrument and the second amount of carbon credit to bestored in a trust such that the trust has a carbon footprint that isless than the carbon footprint of the at least one financial instrument.40. The apparatus of claim 29, in which the first amount of carboncredit and the second amount of carbon credit are equal, and in whichthe act of causing the at least one financial instrument and the secondamount of carbon credit to be stored in a trust comprises generating afinancial instrument determined to have a neutralized carbon footprint.41. The apparatus of claim 29, in which the instructions, when executedby the at least one processor, further direct the at least one processorto: before the act of determining a first amount of carbon credit forneutralizing a carbon footprint of at least one financial instrument,receive from an investment fund an identification of the at least onefinancial instrument.
 42. The apparatus of claim 41, in which theinstructions, when executed by the at least one processor, furtherdirect the at least one processor to: cause at least one share of thetrust to be purchased by the investment fund.
 43. The apparatus of claim41, in which the instructions, when executed by the at least oneprocessor, further direct the at least one processor to: before the actof receiving from the investment fund an identification of the at leastone financial instrument, select the investment fund from a plurality ofinvestment funds based on at least one of a size of the investment fund,an amount of money managed by the investment fund, and a type of socialcause supported by the investment fund.
 44. The apparatus of claim 42,in which the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor,further direct the at least one processor to: before the act ofreceiving from the investment fund an identification of the at least onefinancial instrument, retrieve a filter associated with the investmentfund, in which the filter is stored by the at least one memory, in whichthe filter comprises at least one criteria for evaluating carbonemission information associated with the at least one financialinstrument, and in which the second amount of carbon credit is equal tothe first amount of carbon credit.
 45. The apparatus of claim 44, inwhich the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor,further direct the at least one processor to: before the act ofdetermining the at least one financial instrument, generate a listcomprising the at least one financial instrument, in which the at leastone financial instrument is excluded from the investment fund based onat least one criteria of a filter associated with the investment fund,in which the at least one financial instrument consists of debt orequity of a single company, and in which the second amount of carboncredit is less than the first amount of carbon credit.
 46. The apparatusof claim 29, in which the instructions, when executed by the at leastone processor, further direct the at least one processor to: transmit atleast one formula used for calculating the carbon footprint to at leastone shareholder of the trust, in which the carbon credit is generatedfrom at least one greenhouse gas project comprising at least one offorest sequestration, soil conservation, electric efficiency, fuelswitching, animal waste recovery or landfill gas capture, and in whichthe carbon credit comprises one of the following: an allowance, acertified emission reduction (CER), an emission reduction unit (ERU),and a verified emission reduction (VER).
 47. A method comprising:determining, by at least one processor electronically coupled to atleast one memory, a first amount of carbon credit for neutralizing acarbon footprint of at least one financial instrument; and causing, bythe at least one processor, to be generated a financial instrumentdetermined to have a neutralized carbon footprint, in which the act ofgenerating the financial instrument comprises: based on the act ofdetermining the first amount of carbon credit, causing to be purchased asecond amount of carbon credit; and causing the at least one financialinstrument and the second amount of carbon credit to be stored in atrust.
 48. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructionsstored thereon which, when executed by at least one processor, directthe at least one processor to: determine a first amount of carbon creditfor neutralizing a carbon footprint of at least one financialinstrument; and generate a financial instrument determined to have aneutralized carbon footprint, in which the act of generating thefinancial instrument comprises: based on the act of determining thefirst amount of carbon credit, causing to be purchased a second amountof carbon credit; and causing the at least one financial instrument andthe second amount of carbon credit to be stored in a trust.